China–India relations have always been defined by caution, mistrust, and the weight of history. The trauma of the 1962 war still lingers, while the clashes in the Galwan Valley in 2020 reinforced the perception that Beijing remains an unpredictable neighbour and strategic rival.That confrontation, the worst in decades, pushed the two militaries into tense forward deployments across the Himalayas and led to economic retaliation, with Chinese tech firms restricted and apps banned. Yet paradoxically, India’s dependence on Chinese imports, from pharmaceutical ingredients to electronics, has only deepened since. This uneasy mix of hostility on the security front and entanglement in trade now defines the relationship.
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